Formulation d’un bain de bouche aux propriétés antimicrobienes capables de limiter la prolifération des germes pathogènes et la formation des biofilms dans la bouche

Abstract

Oral health has direct effects on people as well as on the quality of their daily lives. Lesions of the oral cavity remain to this day the most widespread infectious pathologies in the world, in which dental caries and gum disease are edifying examples. The purpose of this study is to formulate mouthwashes with antimicrobial properties based on combinations of essential oils in order to limit the proliferation of pathogenic germs and the formation of bacterial biofilms in the mouth. Oral samples were taken by swabbing the infectious cavities of patients admitted for consultation at the dental office ‘LA ROSE’ (Yaoundé). The characterization of microbial isolates was done by observation of their macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical characters. The essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography and coupling to Mass Spectrometry. Before the evaluation of the antimicrobial and ant biofilm activity of essential oils and their combinations by aromatogram and micro dilution methods, the ability of bacterial isolates to form biofilms was demonstrated by the methods of Rouge Congo Agar and Plaque of Tissue Culture. The detection of some cellular targets of essential oils was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Mouthwashes containing combinations of essential oils as antimicrobials have been formulated. The results obtained reveal that a total of 61 isolates were identified with a predominance of Gram positive cocci (34 %) and Gram negative bacilli (30 %). Gram positive bacilli and yeasts accounted for 20 % and 16 % of the isolates respectively. The majority species obtained were Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilus, Candida albicans, Candida sp.1, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphyloccoccus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. In general, essential oils have shown interesting antimicrobial activity. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations of the combinations were smaller than those of the essential oils taken individually. All the essential oils showed a lytic effect on the cell wall and the cell membrane of the bacteria tested, causing the exit of the genetic material. The formulated mouthwashes exhibited disinfectant activity on the isolates tested with a log reduction on the biofilms formed. The use of essential oils in combination as an active ingredient in mouthwash solutions would be effective in the prevention of oral infections.