Suivi de la mise en œuvre du plan de gestion environnementale et sociale au Cameroun : les cas des entreprises Gracam et Gaoda à Yaoundé

Abstract

This research under the theme " the problem of monitoring the Environmental and Social Management Plan in Cameroon: the cases of the GRACAM and GAODA companies in Yaoundé ", is part of a logic of contribution to the sustainable development of the locality of Nyom II and to improve knowledge in environmental sociology. The observation of the environmental degradation of the locality of Nyom II following the establishment of the mining companies GRACAM and GAODA raised questions about the monitoring of the ESMP of these companies. Therefore, the general objective of this research is to highlight the challenges of monitoring the implementation of the provisions of the environmental and social management plans of GRACAM and GAODA companies in the locality of Nyom II. In this sense, this research is based on the hypothesis that these challenges are plural and multi-actor; they are linked both to the promoters of these companies, to non-state actors in the locality and to the state authorities responsible for monitoring the implementation of these provisions. The operationalization of this hypothesis was done through three theories. The theory of strategic analysis of environmental management of Laurent MERMET, the theory of reflexive modernity of Ulrich BECK and the structuralist constructivism of Pierre BOURDIEU. The data was obtained using semi-structured interviews, direct observation and documentary analysis as a collection medium. Content analysis was used and the results obtained are as follows: Monitoring the implementation of the provisions of the ESMPs of GRACAM and GAODA companies is certainly the responsibility of state actors. However, by questioning the mechanisms for implementing the provisions of the ESMPs of GRACAM and GAOADA companies, it appears that these provisions are poorly implemented due to two combined factors coupled with the difficulties of state actors; which are the capitalist spirit of the said companies and the low effectiveness of the environmental and social impact studies carried out. Starting from the environmental principle of participation, this research questioned the responsibility of non-state actors in the environmental and social management of the locality. It emerged that these actors are constructing various strategies which face great difficulties; the insufficiency of environmental information, the capitalist spirit of these actors, the weak integration of an organizational culture and insufficient local state support. As for state actors, despite the various actions carried out to monitor the implementation of said provisions in accordance with the normative framework, the difficulties to be overcome are numerous. It is a question of the insufficient budget allocated for field surveys, the insufficient qualification of the personnel in charge of this monitoring, the administrative cumbersomeness in the repression of these companies, the legal vagueness on rock explosion operations, the little attention paid to the social aspect in the development of ESMPs, the hypothesis of interference in relationships or corruption, the insufficient coordination between the two departmental delegations and with the regional delegation.