Migrations et insertion socio-professionnelle des tchadiens et centrafricains au Cameroun (1964-2005)

Abstract

Migration and socio-professional integration of Chadians and Central Africans are part of an integration dimension in Central Africa. Thus, the African continent in general and more particularly its sub-Saharan region since its accession to independence has encountered enormous political and socio-economic difficulties which began to increase around the years 1980-1990, and consequently led to great mutations. These have materialized in large migratory movements characterized by large numbers of individual movements in search of security protection and a better economic situation. African states have come up against the control of these economic and security migrations because this exerts a strong influence on the local business environment which must be managed systematically, to guarantee all nationals a job. The political crises of the 1990s which took place in Central Africa, more precisely in the Central African Republic added to the economic crisis of the 80s and 90s, caused great displacements within the sub-region, seeking stable countries that could provide them a better tomorrow. Europe, which was previously the El Dorado of the African peoples, has seen its number of migrants decrease in favor of inter-African migration with the closure of the Western borders. Thus, internal displacement within the continent has intensified with a rate of over 90% and today concerns millions of Africans, including eight million forced displacements of the total migratory movements. African cities therefore play a crucial role in the problems of reducing unemployment and integration in Africa. Cameroon, the economic engine of the CEMAC sub-region, is not only the hub of this economic zone, but also a pole of attraction for many migrants such as those from West and Central Africa, in particular nationals of the Republic. Central African and Chadian women whose main motivation is to improve their living conditions. Therefore, Cameroon as a driving force in the sub-region, offers CEMAC nationals socio-economic integration facilities, particularly in the following areas: labor market, housing, public health, and public education as well as in urban commerce etc. The purpose of this study is therefore to assess socio-economic integration in the CEMAC zone from the integration of Central African and Chadian nationals in Cameroon, with a case study of the city of Yaoundé. Achieving such an objective presupposes, as everywhere else in projects of the same type, an effective liberation of the factors of production (capital, labor, etc.), to finally resolve the problem of poverty. But the socio-economic difficulties facing the African continent have made it possible to develop means of integration to overcome the problem of poverty. Faced with this xiv economic situation, migration appears to be an option or the only or the only choice for many Africans with the main motivation being the improvement of well-being. Sub-Saharan Africa in general and Central Africa is also facing this situation. Thus, the nationals of this region of Africa emigrate to countries which are supposed to provide them with well-being, such as Cameroon. The flexibility of its business environment allows migrants to be able to integrate into society. But the mysteries of the formal sector remain the place where discrimination against migrants is still developing. As for positive national rights, the presence of serious discrimination in relation to their status as foreigners and especially to professional status, supported by nationalist legislative policies and very protectionist of the national workforce, are far from producing a suitable legal regime. migrant workers and compatible with the idea of a common market or sub-regional integration. However, the informal sector with its small trades remains open to these foreigners and therefore we can speak of a model of successful integration into Cameroonian society. Following the objective of this research, some results should be presented: these migrants are confronted with the problems of discrimination, most of the time contained in the texts concerning employment. But we also find this discrimination through the actions of Cameroonians. On the other hand, the field of employment is like the field of housing, with the same results. While some have managed to integrate by buying plots of land or building houses, others live in abandoned construction sites or simply rent. However, health and education are sectors where the integration of these CEMAC nationals fits best.